Localización atípica de un lipoblastoma en una niña de 5 años / Atypical location of lipoblastoma in a 5-year-old girl

Se informa de un lipoblastoma perineal en una niña de 5 años localizado en el labio mayor derecho. La lesión aumentó gradualmente en 6 meses. En la ecografía y la resonancia magnética (RM), se observó un tumor heterogéneo sólido limitado con componente graso. Tras su extirpación quirúrgica, el estudio anatomopatológico confirmó un lipoblastoma. El lipoblastoma es un tumor mesenquimatoso benigno poco frecuente de la lactancia y la primera infancia. Los síntomas varían en función de la localización; pueden observarse signos de compresión de los órganos adyacentes. Este tipo de tumores inusuales de los tejidos blandos son más frecuentes en menores de 3 años. Los lipoblastomas se localizan predominantemente en las extremidades, pero también pueden encontrarse en la cabeza y el cuello, el tronco, el mediastino, el riñón, el mesenterio, el retroperitoneo y el perineo. Se debe sospechar su presencia en función de los hallazgos de la ecografía y la RM.

We reported a perineal lipoblastoma in a 5-year-old girl located in the right labia mayor. The lesion gradually increased within 6 months. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a limited solid heterogenous tumor with fatty component. After it had been surgically removed, the anatomopathological examination confirmed that it was a lipoblastoma. Lipoblastoma is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor of infancy and early childhood. Symptoms vary depending on localization; signs of compression of adjacent organs may be seen. This type of unusual soft tissue tumors occurred most often in under 3 years old. The localization of lipoblastomas is predominantly in the extremities but may be also found in other sites including the head and neck, trunk, mediastinum, kidney, mesentery, retropritoneum and perineum. The suspicion should be considered according to ultrasound and MRI findings.

Cervical necrotizing fasciitis caused by oral cavity infection: a case report considering therapeutic approach and its morphofunctional implications / Fascitis necrosante cervical causada por infección de la cavidad oral. Reporte de un caso considerando el abordaje terapéutico y sus implicaciones morfofuncionales

SUMMARY: Cervical necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare complication of oral cavity infection with high morbi-mortality. Given its low prevalence, adequately reporting cases of NF, its therapeutic management, and associated morphofunctional modifications to the clinical and scientific community is pivotal. To that end, we herein describe a case of cervical NF in a 60-year-old patient with comorbidities and patient presented large, painful cervical swelling associated with a necrotic ulcer lesion in the anterior neck region. Intraoral examination indicated a periodontal abscess in the right mandibular area, while computed tomography indicated the lesion's extension from the right mandibular to the submandibular region. Following empirical intravenous antibiotic treatment, a broad surgical debridement was performed, and the foci of oral infection were removed. Debridement revealed communication between deep and superficial anatomical regions in the submandibular area, where we subsequently placed a Penrose drain. Biopsies showing acute inflammatory infiltrate associated with necrotic and hemorrhagic regions confirmed the diagnosis of NF. When an antibiogram revealed resistance to the empirical treatment, the antibiotic scheme was replaced with an adequate alternative. After a second debridement, we closed the defect with fascio-mucocutaneous advancement flaps with a lateral base while maintaining suction drainage. Having reacted positively, the patient was discharged 10 days after the operation. Despite an extensive morphofunctional change generated in the treated area, the patient showed no difficulties with breathing, phonation, swallowing, or mobilizing the area during control sessions. Altogether, this report contributes to the highly limited literature describing morphological aspects that can facilitate or delay the spread of infection or the morphofunctional disorders associated with the size and depth of surgical interventions for cervical NF, information that is relevant for the comprehensive, long-term prognosis of the treatment of NF.

La fascitis necrosante (FN) cervical es una rara complicación de una infección proveniente de la cavidad bucal asociada a una alta morbimortalidad. Por lo anterior, es fundamental informar a la comunidad clínica y científica los casos de FN, su manejo terapéutico y las modificaciones morfofuncionales asociadas. Se describe un caso de FN cervical en una paciente de 60 años quien presentó una gran tumefacción dolorosa asociada a una lesión ulcerosa necrótica en la región anterior del cuello. El examen intraoral mostró un absceso periodontal en el área mandibular derecha y la tomografía computarizada mostró la extensión de la lesión hacia la región submandibular. Tras el tratamiento antibiótico empírico, se realizó un desbridamiento quirúrgico extenso y se extirparon los focos de infección oral. El desbridamiento reveló comunicación entre las regiones anatómicas profundas y superficiales del área submandibular, donde se colocó un drenaje Penrose. Las biopsias mostraron un infiltrado inflamatorio agudo asociado con regiones necróticas y hemorrágicas, confirmando el diagnóstico de FN. El antibiograma reveló resistencia al tratamiento empírico, por lo que el esquema antibiótico se sustituyó. Tras un segundo desbridamiento, se cerró el defecto con colgajos de avance fascio-mucocutáneos de base lateral manteniendo drenaje aspirativo. El positivo progreso del paciente permitió su alta 10 días después. Aun cuando se generó una gran modificación morfofuncional en el área tratada, la paciente no presentó dificultades para respirar, hablar, deglutir o movilizar el área cervical intervenida durante las sesiones de control. Este informe contribuye a la limitada literatura que describe los aspectos morfológicos que pueden facilitar o retrasar la propagación de la FN y las consecuencias asociadas a los trastornos morfofuncionales provocadas por el tamaño y profundidad de las intervenciones quirúrgicas requeridas por la FN, información relevante para el pronóstico integral a largo plazo del tratamiento de la FN.

Etiology, diagnosis and treatment strategy of dental therapy-related subcutaneous emphysema / 中华口腔医学杂志

Subcutaneous emphysema is the local tissue swelling caused by the gas entering the subcutaneous tissue through the tissue gap. Although subcutaneous emphysema is usually a nonfatal and self-limited disease, in severe cases, the gas may spread to the neck, mediastinum and chest, resulting in mediastinal emphysema and other serious complications. This article reviews the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis of subcutaneous emphysema related to dental therapy,and operations that may cause subcutaneous emphysema in stomatology department,as well as the treatment and prognosis of subcutaneous emphysema, with a view to providing some references for dentists.

Giant myoepithelial carcinoma of the nuchal region: a case report and literature review / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Myoepithelioma, also known as malignant myoepithelioma, is a rare malignant tumor originating from myoepithelial cell. This article reports a patient with a huge tumor in the neck and left elbow who underwent fine needle aspiration under local anesthesia. The pathological diagnosis was a myoepithelioma. Under general anesthesia, giant tumors in the lower neck, posterior cranial fossa, neck, and left elbow were removed, and postoperative pathology showed that they were all myoepithelial tumors. Immunohistochemistry showed AE1/AE3 (+), P63 (+), CK7 (+), CK5 (+), and CD138 (+). The clinical characteristics and diagnosis and treatment process of this case are reported and relevant literature is reviewed.

Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the tongue base: a case report / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Neuroendocrine carcinoma(NEC) is a malignant tumor derived from neuroendocrine cells, with distinct clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the head and neck is very rare in clinic. Larynx is the most common affected site, and the root of the tongue is extremely rare. The clinical manifestations are mainly eating pain, cauliflower like mass in the mouth, and ulcerative lesions that have not healed for a long time. Maxillofacial MRI and contrastenhanced CT are the most commonly used examination tools for such diseases, which can detect the spaceoccupying lesions of tumors. Neuroendocrine granules found in the cytoplasm under pathological light microscope can be diagnosed as neuroendocrine carcinoma. However, for most cases, it is difficult to make a diagnosis only under light microscope, and it is often necessary to make a diagnosis by means of immunohistochemistry and other technical means. This paper reports a case of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the root of the tongue, introduces its characteristics, diagnosis and treatment, and reviews the relevant literature of this case.

Nomogram-Based Prediction of Risk of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To establish a nomogram for predicting the risk of cervical lymph node metastasis in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Methods The patients with complete clinical data of DTC and cervical lymph node ultrasound and diagnosed based on pathological evidence from January 2019 to December 2021 were assigned into a training group (n=444) and a validation group (n=125).Lasso regression was performed to screen the data with differences between groups,and multivariate Logistic regression to establish a prediction model with the factors screened out by Lasso regression.C-index and calibration chart were employed to evaluate the prediction performance of the established model. Results The predictive factors for establishing the model were lymph node short diameter≥0.5 cm,long-to-short-axis ratio<2,disappearance of lymph node hilum,cystic transformation,hyperechogenicity,calcification,and abnormal blood flow (all P<0.001).The established model demonstrated a good discriminative ability,with the C index of 0.938 (95%CI=0.926-0.961) in the training group. Conclusion The nomogram established based on the ultrasound image features of cervical lymph nodes in DTC can accurately predict the risk of cervical lymph node metastasis in DTC.

Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in oral and maxillofacial regions: An analysis of 369 cases / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and factors influencing the prognosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in oral and maxillofacial regions.@*METHODS@#Clinicopathological data of 369 patients with oral and maxillofacial NHL initially diagnosed in Peking University Hospital of Stomatology from 2008 to 2020 were collected and analyzed retrospectively.@*RESULTS@#There were 180 males and 189 females. The median age of the patients was 56 years (3 months to 92 years), and the median duration was three months. Clinically, 283 cases manifested as mass, 38 cases as ulcerative necrotizing lesions, and 48 cases as diffuse soft tissue swelling. The lesions of 90 cases located in face and neck (75 cases neck, 20.3%), 99 cases were of major salivary glands (79 cases parotid glands, 20.9%), 103 cases of oral cavity, 50 cases of maxillofacial bones, 20 cases of Waldeyer's ring, and 7 cases of infratemporal fossa. In the study, 247 of the 369 patients had cervical lymphadenopathy, only 40 cases had B symptoms, and 23 cases had the bulky disease. Of the 369 NHLs, 299 (81%) were B-cell NHL, and 70(19%) were T-cell NHL. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, follicular lymphoma, and extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma nasal type were the most common pathological subtypes. According to Ann Arbor staging, 87, 138, 106, and 38 cases were classified as staged Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, respectively. The me-dian follow-up time was 48 months, 164 patients died during the follow-up period. The overall survival rates for one year, two years, and five years were 90.1%, 82.4%, and 59.9%, respectively, and the median survival was (86.00±7.98) months. Multivariate analysis showed that age (P < 0.001), Ann Arbor staging (P < 0.001), elevated lactate dehydrogenase (P=0.014), and pathological subtype (P=0.049) were the independent factors influencing the overall survival rate of NHL patients.@*CONCLUSION@#Oral and maxillofacial NHL has unique clinical characteristics and distribution patterns of pathological subtypes. Fewer patients had systemic symptoms. Neck and parotid glands were the most common sites invaded by NHL. Advanced age, Ann Arbor stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, B symptoms, and T-cell NHL may predict a poor prognosis in oral and maxillofacial NHL patients.

Clinicopathological and therapeutic analysis of Castleman's disease in children / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical features, pathological phenotype, treatment and prognosis of Castleman's disease in children. Methods: Clinical data of 15 children diagnosed with Castleman's disease in Henan Provincial People's Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from May 2010 to October 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical characteristics, laboratory examination and histopathological data were analyzed. Results: Among the 15 Castleman's disease patients, 12 were males and 3 females. The age of first visit was 12 (10, 15) years. The time from mass discovery to pathologic diagnosis was 9.0 (2.0, 13.0) months. The majority of patients were unicentric (13 cases), and the histopathological type was hyaline vascular (11 cases). Unicentric lesions were most common in the neck (11 cases), all 13 patients received complete surgical resection of the lesions, the follow-up time was 20.0 (13.5, 50.5) months, and the prognosis was good. Two cases were multicentric type, the pathological types were mixed variant, meeting the criteria of idiopathic Castleman's disease, the two children underwent partial surgical resection, one was treated with rituximab and prednisone and the other was treated with thalidomide and prednisone. The follow-up time was 32 months and 10 month, both of them had good prognosis. Conclusions: Most cases of Castleman's disease in children are diagnosed late, and the unicentric type is dominant. The most common pathological type is hyaline vascular, which is characterized by painless lymphadenopathy, while multicentric type has systemic symptoms and both of them have a good overall prognosis.

The role of CSE1L expression in cervical lymph node metastasis of larynx tumors / O papel da expressão de CSE1L na metástase em linfonodos cervicais de tumores laríngeos

Abstract Introduction: According to international reports, 30-40% of all head and neck cancers are larynx cancers, comprising 1-2.5% of all cancer types. Cervical nodal involvement has been reported to be 40% and 65% in T3 and T4 cases, respectively. Five-year survival in patients with cervical lymph node metastasis has been demonstrated to be 50% lower compared to patients with no metastasis. Chromosome segregation like 1 protein; is a DNA fragment isolated by Brinkmann et al. in 1995 that corresponds to yeast chromosome segregation protein. Studies on the effect of chromosome segregation like 1 protein expression in head and neck tumors are rare and it has been shown that nuclear chromosome segregation like 1 protein is over-expressed in these studies where gastrointestinal and breast tumors over-expressed cytoplasmic chromosome segregation like 1 protein. Objective: Chromosome segregation like 1 protein may regulate the proliferation and metastasis of T3-T4 glottic larynx cancer. The aim of this study is to show the relationship between chromosome segregation like 1 protein expression and cervical lymph node metastasis of T3-T4 glottic larynx cancer. Methods: A total of 57 male patients who were operated for T3-T4 glottic cancer in a tertiary referral hospital was included in this study. There were 28 patients with cervical lymph node metastasis and 29 patients without lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemistry was carried out on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival glottic larynx tumour tissue. According to the percentage of immunoreactive cells, chromosome segregation like 1 protein status was analyzed. Results: Among the patients, who had no cervical lymph node metastasis, 15 patients showed weak nuclear staining, 12 patients showed moderate nuclear staining and only 2 patients showed high nuclear staining for chromosome segregation like 1 protein. Among the patients who had cervical lymph node metastasis, 18 patients showed high nuclear staining, 9 patients showed moderate staining and only one patient showed weak staining for chromosome segregation like 1 protein. None of the metastatic patients showed cytoplasmic staining and only one patient in the non-metastatic group showed cytoplasmic staining for chromosome segregation like 1 protein. There was a positive correlation between nuclear chromosome segregation like 1 protein expression and cervical lymph node metastasis (r = 0,668) and it was statistically significant (p < 0,001). Conclusion: Chromosome segregation like 1 protein expression is correlated with lymph node metastasis in T3-T4 glottic cancers. This may change the approach to cervical node treatment in patients with glottic cancers in future.

Resumo Introdução: De acordo com relatos internacionais, 30% a 40% de todos os casos de câncer de cabeça e pescoço são na laringe, compreendem 1% a 2,5% de todos os tipos de câncer. O envolvimento linfonodal cervical foi relatado em 40% e 65% nos casos T3 e T4, respectivamente. A sobrevida em cinco anos em pacientes com metástase linfonodal cervical demonstrou ser 50% menor em comparação com os pacientes sem metástase. A proteína chromosome seg-regation like 1 é um fragmento de DNA isolado por Brinkmann et al. em 1995 que corresponde à proteína de segregação cromossômica de levedura. Estudos sobre o efeito da expressão da proteína chromosome segregation like 1 em tumores de cabeça e pescoço são raros e os poucos estudos demonstram que a proteína chromosome segregation like 1 nuclear é superexpressa no núcleo, enquanto tumores gastrointestinais e de mama superexpressam a proteína chromosome segregation like 1 citoplasmática. Objetivo: A proteína chromosome segregation like 1 pode regular a proliferação e metástase do câncer glótico de laringe T3-T4. O objetivo deste estudo é mostrar a relação entre a expressão da proteína chromosome segregation like 1 em metástase de linfonodo cervical no câncer glótico de laringe T3-T4. Método: Foram incluídos neste estudo 57 pacientes do sexo masculino submetidos a cirurgias por câncer glótico T3-T4 em um hospital terciário. Havia 28 pacientes com metástase de linfonodos cervicais e 29 pacientes sem metástase linfonodal. A análise imunohistoquímica foi realizada em tecido de tumor glótico de laringe embebido em parafina e fixado em formol. De acordo com a porcentagem de células imunorreativas, analisou-se a expressão da proteína chromosome segregation like 1. Resultados: Entre os pacientes, que não tinham metástase linfonodal cervical, 15 apresentaram coloração nuclear fraca, 12 apresentaram coloração nuclear moderada e apenas 2 apresentaram coloração nuclear elevada para proteína chromosome segregation like 1. Entre os pacientes que apresentavam metástase linfonodal cervical, 18 pacientes apresentaram coloração nuclear elevada, 9 apresentaram coloração moderada e apenas um paciente apresentou coloração fraca. Nenhum dos pacientes com metástase apresentou coloração citoplasmática e apenas um paciente no grupo não-metastático mostrou coloração citoplasmática para a proteína chromosome segregation like 1. Houve uma correlação positiva entre a expressão nuclear da proteína chromosome segregation like 1 e a metástase de linfonodo cervical (r = 0,668), que foi estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001). Conclusão: A expressão da proteína chromosome segregation like 1 está correlacionada com metástases linfonodais em casos de câncer glótico T3-T4 e isso pode mudar a abordagem do tratamento cervical de câncer glótico no futuro.

Acné queloideo de la nuca: excelente respuesta al tratamiento con imiquimod 5% / Keloid acne of the nape: excellent response to treatment with imiquimod 5%

El acné queloideo de la nuca (AKN) o foliculitis esclerosante es un proceso inflamatorio crónico del folículo piloso en la región de la nuca. Su incidencia es baja y su etiología desconocida. Afecta con mayor frecuencia a hombres de mediana edad y de raza negra. A lo largo del tiempo se han utilizado diferentes modalidades terapéuticas con resultados variables. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con AKN que mostró una excelente respuesta al uso diario de imiquimod 5% tópico durante ocho semanas

Keloid acne of the neck (AKN) or sclerosing folliculitis of the nape of the neck is a chronic inflammatory process of the nape region. Its incidence is low and its etiology is unknown. It mainly affects brown-black males in middle age. Different treatment modalities have been used with different responses. We present the case of a patient with AKN who presented an excellent response to the daily use of topical imiquimod 5% for eight weeks

Paraganglioma yugular bilateral: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Bilateral jugular paraganglioma: case report and review of the literature

Resumen El paraganglioma (PG) es una neoplasia infrecuente originada de las células paraganglionares, embriológicamente derivadas de la cresta neural. Se localizan en la cabeza, base de cráneo, cuello, mediastino, abdomen y pelvis. La mayor parte de los PG muestran un curso clínico benigno, sin embargo, algunos casos pueden mostrar un comportamiento biológico agresivo con invasión local y metástasis a distancia. Un avance significativo en patología molecular ha sido el reconocimiento que el 30%-40% de estas neoplasias presentan alteraciones genéticas. Se han descrito más de 45 genes involucrados, incluyendo mutaciones de la línea germinal succinato deshidrogenasa. Actualmente se recomienda hacer test genético a todos los portadores de PG incluyendo los de presentación esporádica. El PG más frecuente se ubica en la glándula suprarrenal llamado feocromocitoma. El diagnóstico definitivo se realiza con histología, sin embargo, el estudio imagenológico puede entregar una aproximación diagnóstica certera. Debido a la aceptación actual que todos los PG tienen potencial metastásico, el concepto de PG benigno y maligno ha cambiado a uno de estimación de riesgo de metástasis, aunque no existe un esquema único aceptado para tal efecto. El tratamiento considera la cirugía, la radioterapia, la observación y terapias combinadas. Dado el lento crecimiento de este tipo de neoplasia y las potenciales complicaciones de la terapia quirúrgica, la observación es una opción especialmente para pacientes añosos dejando las otras opciones para pacientes más jóvenes. En este trabajo se presenta un caso de paraganglioma yugular bilateral gigante tratado con radioterapia de intensidad modulada incluyendo una revisión bibliográfica pertinente.

Abstract Paraganglioma (PG) is a rare neoplasm derived from paraganglionic cells of the neural crest. They are located in the head, skull base, neck, mediastinum, abdomen and pelvis. Most PGs show a benign clinical course, however, some cases may show aggressive biological behavior with local invasion and distant metastasis. A significant advance in molecular pathology has been the recognition that 30%-40% of these neoplasms present genetic alterations; more than 45 genes have been described, including mutations of the germline succinate dehydrogenase. Currently it is recommended to make genetic test to all patients with PG, including sporadic presentation. The most frequent PG is located in the adrenal gland called pheochromocytoma. The definitive diagnosis is made with histology; however, the imaging study can provide an accurate diagnostic approach. It is now accepted that all PG have a metastatic potential, therefore the concept of benign or malignant has been changed to a metastasis risk stratification approach however no single scheme is been widely used. The treatment considers surgery, radiotherapy, observation and combination therapies. Given the slow growth of this type of neoplasia and the potential complications of surgical therapy, observation is an option especially for elderly patients leaving the other options for younger patients. In this work we present a case of giant bilateral jugular paraganglioma treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy, including a pertinent literature review.

Multiple whitish papules on the posterior neck of an elderly woman

Abstract White fibrous papulosis of the neck is a rare entity, with fewer than 50 cases described. It is a benign pathology whose main interest lies in its broad differential diagnosis, especially with pseudoxanthoma elasticum. The authors report the case of a 77-year-old woman with multiple yellow-white monomorphic papules on the posterior cervical region, with years of evolution. Cutaneous biopsy revealed a nodular area in the superficial and middle reticular dermis, with slight thickening of the collagen fibers and focally enlarged elastic fibers, aspects highlighted in the Verhoeff staining that additionally showed absence of elastic fibers in the papillary dermis.

Goiter in Brazilian modernism paintings / Bócio em pinturas da arte moderna brasileira

Objective: To evaluate Di Cavalcanti's artworks in which goiters are represented before and after the introduction of iodized salt to the Brazilian population. Methods: One hundred and thirty paintings by Di Cavalcanti from the 20's to 70's demonstrating necks were evaluated. All the paintings were observed in reproductions. The neck circumference in the paintings was measured. Since there were no standard thresholds of neck circumference, cutoffs were based on the median. Baseline characteristics of artworks were compared based on high and normal neck circumference categories using Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test, or chi square test. Results: We analyzed 29 artworks which portray the neck of 60 women (84.5%), 8 men (11.3%) and 3 children (4.2%). The analyses of the neck circumference showed 23.3% of women (14/60), 12.5% of men (1/8), and 33.3% of children (1/3) with an abnormal profile of the neck circumference. The neck circumference ratio in 29 paintings showed that the relative sizes of the necks painted between the 1920's and 1950's (r=0.45; p=0.03), and painted between the 1960's and 70's (r= 0.54; p=0.003) have linearly decreased. The decades in which the artworks were painted explained 40.0% of the variation in size of the neck circumference (p=0.002). Conclusion: Art imitates life. Di Cavalcanti was not a physician, and probably did not have the intention to illustrate a pathological condition, although the images observed in this study should be considered as goiter or enlarged neck.

Objetivo: Avaliar as obras de Di Cavalcanti em que bócios estão representados, antes e após a introdução da iodação do sal para a população brasileira. Método: Foram avaliadas 130 pinturas de Di Cavalcanti entre os anos 1920 e 1970 demonstrando pescoços. Todas as pinturas foram observadas em reproduções. A circunferência do pescoço nas pinturas foi mensurada. Como não existia limite-padrão da circunferência do pescoço, os limites foram baseados na mediana. As características básicas das obras de arte foram comparadas por categorias da circunferência do pescoço em elevadas e normais, usando o teste t de Student, o teste de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon ou o teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: Analisamos 29 obras de arte que representavam o pescoço de 60 mulheres (84,5%), 8 homens (11,3%) e 3 crianças (4,2%). Ao analisar a circunferência do pescoço, 23,3% das mulheres (14/60), 12,5% dos homens (1/8) e 33,3% das crianças (1/3) demonstraram perfil anormal dela. A relação da circunferência do pescoço em 29 pinturas demonstrou que as circunferências do pescoço relativas aos pescoços pintados entre os anos 1920 e 1950 (r=0,45; p=0,03) e pintados entre os anos 1960 e 1970 (r=0,54; p=0,003) reduziram linearmente. As décadas em que as obra foram pintadas explicaram 40,0% da variação no tamanho da circunferência do pescoço (p=0,002). Conclusão: A arte imita a vida. Di Cavalcanti não era médico e, provavelmente, não tinha intenção de ilustrar uma condição patológica, embora as observações das imagens, neste estudo, tenham sido consideradas como bócio ou com aumento de volume do pescoço

Bleeding risk of small intracranial aneurysms in a population treated in a reference center / Risco de sangramento de aneurismas intracranianos pequenos em uma população tratada em um centro de referência

ABSTRACT Large multicenter studies have shown that small intracranial aneurysms are associated with a minimal risk of bleeding. Nevertheless, other large series have shown that most ruptured aneurysms are, in fact, the smaller ones. In the present study, we questioned whether small aneurysms are indeed not dangerous. Methods: We enrolled 290 patients with newly-diagnosed aneurysms at our institution over a six-year period (43.7% ruptured). We performed multivariate analyses addressing epidemiological issues, cardiovascular diseases, and three angiographic parameters (largest aneurysm diameter, neck diameter and diameter of the nutrition vessel). Risk estimates were calculated using a logistic regression model. Aneurysm size parameters were stratified according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Finally, we calculated odds ratios for rupture based on the ROC analysis. Results: The mean largest diameter for the ruptured versus unruptured groups was 13.3 ± 1.7 mm versus 22.2 ± 2.2 mm (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed a positive correlation between rupture and arterial hypertension (p < 0.001) and an inverse correlation with all three angiographic measurements (all p < 0.01). Aneurysms from the anterior cerebral artery bled more often (p < 0.05). According to the ROC curves, at the largest diameter of 15 mm, the sensitivity and specificity to predict rupture were 83% and 36%, respectively. Based on this stratification, we calculated the chance of rupture for aneurysms smaller than 15 mm as 46%, which dropped to 25% for larger aneurysms. Conclusion: In the population studied at our institution, small aneurysms were more prone to bleeding. Therefore, the need for intervention for small aneurysms should not be overlooked.

RESUMO Grandes estudos multicêntricos demostram que aneurismas intracranianos pequenos são associados a risco de sangramento mínimo. Outras grandes séries têm evidenciado que aneurismas rotos são em sua maioria os pequenos. Neste estudo questionamos até que ponto os aneurismas pequenos não são perigosos. Métodos: Avaliamos 290 novos casos de aneurismas tratados em nossa instituição durante 6 anos (43,7% rotos). Realizamos análises multivariadas com aspectos epidemiológicos dos pacientes, doenças cardiovasculares e três parâmetros angiográficos: maior diâmetro, diâmetro do colo e diâmetro do vaso nutridor do aneurisma. Estimativas de risco foram calculadas utilizando-se modelo de regressão logística. Parâmetros do tamanho aneurismático foram estratificados de acordo com curvas ROC. Também calculamos a razão de chances (odds ratios) de ruptura baseadas nas análises das curvas ROC. Resultados: O maior diâmetro médio para os grupos de aneurismas rotos e não-rotos foi 13.3 ± 1.7mm e 22.2 ± 2.2 (p < 0.001). Análises multivariadas revelaram uma correlação positiva entre ruptura aneurismática e hipertensão arterial (p < 0.001) e uma correlação inversa entre ruptura e as três medidas angiográficas (p < 0.01). Aneurismas da artéria cerebral anterior foram os que mais sangraram (p < 0.05). Análises das curvas ROC demonstram que no maior diâmetro de 15mm, a sensibilidade e especificidade para se predizer ruptura são de 83% e 36%. Baseando-se nessas estratificações, calculamos uma chance de ruptura para aneurismas menores de 15mm de 46% e de 25% para aneurismas maiores. Conclusão: Na população estudada, aneurismas pequenos são mais propensos a romper. Desta forma, a necessidade de intervenção para aneurismas pequenos não deve ser relevada.

Guided intraoperative scintigraphic tumor targeting of metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: a single-center report

ABSTRACT Objective: Our aim was to present our experiences related to performing neck surgery using the guided intraoperative scintigraphic tumor targeting (GOSTT) procedure for patients who had locally recurrent or persistent differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and who had undergone previous thyroid surgery. Subjects and methods: We retrospectively evaluated 11 patients who had locally recurrent or persistent DTC, who had undergone previous surgery, and for whom reoperation was planned for metastatic cervical lymph nodes (LNs). We performed the neck surgery using the GOSTT procedure on all patients and at a single academic institution. Results: The 11 patients had a total of 26 LNs, as marked with a radiotracer, and those LNs' mean size was 14.7 ± 8.2 mm (range: 5-34 mm). Histopathological examinations revealed DTC metastasis in all 26 of the preoperatively marked LNs. Of the 11 patients, only one needed a reoperation in the neck; she had another successful surgery (also using the GOSTT procedure). In the evaluation of the patients' final status, all were disease-free in their necks. There also were no GOSTT-associated postoperative complications. Conclusion: The GOSTT procedure is a useful, successful, inexpensive, and comfortable procedure for marking and mapping metastatic LNs, especially in DTC patients who have undergone previous surgery.

Otogenic Lateral Sinus Thrombosis: A Review of Fifteen Patients and Changing Trends in the Management

Abstract Introduction Otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis is a rare intracranial complication of otitis media in the modern age of antibiotic treatment, but it is potentially a dangerous complication. Objectives The aim of this study is to focus on the various clinical presentations, management options and sequelae in a series of fifteen patients with otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis. Methods Retrospective chart review of inpatients treated for otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis at our tertiary care institution between 2010 and 2015. Results A total of 15 patients (11 males and 4 females) with ages ranging from 9 to 60 years were diagnosed with otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis. The most commonly reported symptoms were headache, ear discharge and hard of hearing, which were experienced by all 15 (100%) patients. In contrast to previous studies found in the literature, 7 (47%) patients in our series presented with neck pain and neck abscess. Imaging studies and microbiological cultures were performed for all patients, who also underwent a mastoidectomy procedure. Internal jugular vein ligation was performed on 5 (33%) patients. Incision and drainage of the neck abscess was performed on 7 (47%) patients. All patients had a satisfactory resolution of their symptoms, and the mortality rate was of 0%. Conclusions Otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis, though a rare complication, can still occur; therefore, keeping a high level of suspicion is important, especially in developing countries. We also describe the patients with neck abscess associated with this rare condition. Combining parenteral antibiotics with surgical intervention is the treatment of choice.

Papulosis fibrosa blanca del cuello: a propósito de un caso / White fibrous papulosis of the neck: about a case

La papulosis fibrosa blanca del cuello es una patología benigna, que se presenta frecuentemente en personas mayores y que se caracteriza por pápulas blanquecinas ubicadas habitualmente en las regiones laterales del cuello. El hallazgo histopatológico distintivo es el incremento de las fibras de colágeno en la dermis papilar. Su etiopatogenia es, hasta ahora, desconocida y su tratamiento es difícil. Dado que corresponde a una patología infrecuente, probablemente subdiagnosticada, es que se decide reportar el caso de una mujer chilena de 77 años.

White fibrous papulosis of the neck is a benign pathology, which usually occurs in old people and is characterized by whitish papules that are frequently located in the lateral regions of the neck. The distinctive histopathological finding is the increase of collagen fibers in the papillary dermis. Its pathophysiology is not currently known and its treatment is difficult. Due to being a rare pathology, probably underdiagnosed, it was decided to report the case of a 77-yearold chilean woman.

Resonancia magnética de columna cervical con secuencia en flexión para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Hirayama / Magnetic resonance of the cervical spine with sequence in flexion for the diagnosis of Hirayama disease

La enfermedad de Hirayama o atrofia muscular espinal juvenil no progresiva de las extremidades superiores es una clase de mielopatía relacionada con la flexión del cuello. Afecta principalmente a hombres jóvenes (entre 15 y 25 años) y se caracteriza por una debilidad muscular asimétrica y unilateral de miembros superiores con atrofia. Suele presentarse de manera insidiosa, con curso progresivo y autolimitado a los 3-4 años del inicio del cuadro. Se cree que es producida por trastornos isquémicos en la microcirculación de las astas anteriores del segmento medular cervical entre C8 y T1 por la compresión en el segmento medular anterior debido al desplazamiento anterior de la duramadre al flexionar el cuello. Si bien existen varias teorías sobre la causa de este deslizamiento, la más aceptada se relaciona con la falta de crecimiento de la duramadre con respecto a la columna durante la pubertad. Esto provocaría un aumento de la tensión de la dura posteriory, como consecuencia, el desplazamiento anterior durante la flexión. Dado su excelente contraste tisular y la posibilidad de realizar adquisiciones en distintos planos, la resonancia magnética es el estudio de elección. Las imágenes deben ser obtenidas en posición neutra y en flexión cervical máxima para poner de manifiesto el desplazamiento de la dura, con el consiguiente aumento de la sensibilidad y especificidad de la prueba. Así, se logra mayor confianza en el diagnóstico y menor cantidad de falsos positivos, en comparación con la posición neutra como única adquisición.

Hirayama disease is a type of myelopathy related to neck flexion. It affects young male adults between 15 and 25 years, and is characterised by unilateral and asymmetric upper limb muscle weakness with atrophy. It usually presents insidiously, with a progressive course and self-limits in 3-4 years. It is believed that it could be produced by ischaemic disorders in the microcirculation of the anterior horns of the cervical spine segment C8 and T1 due to anterior displacement of the dura. There are several theories for the cause of this displacement, with the most accepted being the relationship between the lack of growth of the dura mater and the spine during puberty. This increases the tension of the posterior dura mater and consequently the anterior displacement during flexion. Due to its excellent tissue contrast and the possibility of acquisitions in different planes, magnetic resonance imaging is the study of choice. Images must be obtained in both neutral and cervical flexion to highlight the displacement of the dura mater. This increases the sensitivity and specificity of the test, giving greater confidence in the diagnosis, and reducing false positives compared to neutral as a single acquisition.